“
“The aim of our study was to detect the expression of Ku80 in primary central nervous system lymphoma and to evaluate the relationship between Ku80 expression level and clinical outcomes. Thirty-eight

patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) were included in this retrospective study. The expression of Ku80 in tumor samples was determined by immunohistochemistry. One thousand neoplastic cells per specimen were counted. The find more expression levels were compared with the clinical data and statistically analyzed. The results of this study show that the expression of Ku80 can be found in the majority of PCNSLs. The mean expression level of Ku80 in 38 PCNSL is 64.1 +/- 24.5. A significant difference in Ku80 expression could be found between the age < 65 years group and age

>= 65 years group (P = 0.006). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients who showed a high Ku80 expression had a significantly shorter median survival time (MST) than patients who had low Ku80 expression SBE-β-CD order (P = 0.036). Patients’ age, tumor location, and treatment protocol were significantly related to prognosis in PCNSL (P < 0.05). The expression of Ku80 was observed in the majority of PCNSLs. Ku80 was a predictive factor for survival in this study. In addition to Ku80, other clinical variables including age, tumor location and NVP-LDE225 cost therapeutic protocol are correlated significantly with overall survival.”
“Background Clothing is considered the second skin of the human body. The aim of this study was to determine clothing-wearer interaction on skin physiology under mild cold conditions.\n\nMethods Skin physiological parameters, subjective sensory response, stress level, and physical properties of clothing fabric from two longitude parallel-designed wear trials were studied. The wear trials involved four kinds of pajamas made from cotton or polyester material that had hydrophilic or hydrophobic treatment, conducted for

three weeks under mild cold conditions. Statistical tools, factor analysis, hierarchical linear regression, and logistic regression were applied to analyze the strong predictors of skin physiological parameters, stress level, and sensory response.\n\nResults A framework was established to illustrate clothing-wearer interactions with clothing fabric properties, skin physiology, stress level, and sensory response under mild cold conditions.\n\nDiscussion Fabric has various effects on the human body under mild cold conditions. A fabric’s properties influence skin physiology, sensation, and psychological response.”
“Invasive species can increase the susceptibility of ecosystems to disease by acting as reservoir hosts for pathogens.

“
“The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the accuracy and trending ability of a four-wavelength pulse-total hemoglobinometer that continuously and noninvasively measures hemoglobin Nirogacestat concentration in surgical patients. With IRB approval

and informed consent, spectrophotometric hemoglobin (SpHb) was measured with a pulse-total hemoglobinometer manufactured by Nihon Kohden Corp (Tokyo, Japan) and compared to the CO-oximeter equipped with blood gas analyzer. Two hundred twenty-five samples from 56 subjects underwent analysis. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that the bias +/- A precision of the current technology was 0.0 +/- A 1.4 g/dl and -0.2 +/- A 1.3 g/dl for total samples and samples with 8 smaller than Hb smaller than 11 g/dl,

respectively. The percentages of samples with intermediate risk of therapeutic error in error grid analysis and the concordance rate of 4-quadrant trending assay was 17 % and 77 %, respectively. The Cohen kappa statistic for Hb smaller than 10 g/dl was 0.38, suggesting that the agreement between SpHb and CO-oximeter-derived Hb was fair. Collectively, wide limits of agreement, especially at the critical level of hemoglobin, and less than moderate agreement against CO-oximeter-derived hemoglobin preclude the use of the pulse-total hemoglobinometer as a decision-making learn more tool for transfusion.”
“Head and body lice are both blood-feeding parasites of humans although only the body louse is a potent disease vector. In spite of numerous morphological and life history differences, head and body lice have recently been hypothesized to be ecotypes of the same species. We took a comparative genomics approach to measure nucleotide diversity by comparing Dorsomorphin expressed sequence tag data sets from head and

body lice. A total of 10 771 body louse and 10 770 head louse transcripts were predicted from a combined assembly of Roche 454 and Illumina sequenced cDNAs from whole body tissues collected at all life stages and during pesticide exposure and bacterial infection treatments. Illumina reads mapped to the 10 775 draft body louse gene models from the whole genome assembly predicted nine presence/absence differences, but PCR confirmation resulted in a single gene difference. Read per million base pair estimates indicated that 14 genes showed significant differential expression between head and body lice under our treatment conditions. One novel microRNA was predicted in both lice species and 99% of the 544 transcripts from Candidatus riesia indicate that they share the same endosymbiont. Overall, few differences exist, which supports the hypothesis that these two organisms are ecotypes of the same species.”
“Background: Reduced exercise tolerance and muscle weakness are present in patients with CHF. Altered metabolism, histology and function in skeletal muscle of patients with CHF have been reported.

Data indicated that IEC apoptosis and p53 levels were clearly higher in untreated CUC but markedly reduced in patients treated with anti-TNT mAb. Therefore, TNF-induced iNOS activates

a p53-dependent pathway of IEC apoptosis in CUC. The inhibition of IEC apoptosis may be an important mechanism for mucosal healing in anti-TNT-treated CUC patients. (Ant J Pathol 2012, 181:1306-1315; http://proxy.ashland.edu:2100/10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.016)”
“A polymeric sol-gel combustion method has buy GSK461364 been used to synthesize nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) powder from calcium nitrate and triethyl phosphate with the addition of NH(4)OH. The sol-gel combustion process generates phase-pure nanocrystalline Cediranib in vivo HA powder, as characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sintering of the HA powder compact at 1200A degrees C for 2 h leads to a 93% theoretical dense ceramic body. This method offers an easy route for the preparation of phase-pure nanocrystalline HA powder.”
“A-Pd-III-Br-Pd-III-Mott-Hubbard state was observed in a quasi-one-dimensional bromo-bridged

Pd compound [Pd(en)(2)Br](C-5-Y)(2)center dot H2O (en = ethylenediamine, C-5-Y = dipentylsulfosuccinate) for the first time. The phase transition between Mott-Hubbard and charge-density-wave states occurred at 206 +/- 2 K and was confirmed by using X-ray, ESR, Raman and electronic spectroscopies, electrical resistivity, and heat capacity. From X-ray powder diffraction patterns and Raman spectra of a series of Pd-Br compounds,

[Pd(en)(2)Br](C-n-Y)(2)center dot H2O (n = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 12), chemical pressure from the alkyl chains of the counterions caused the phase transition.”
“Freeze-fracture transmission www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclosporin-A(Cyclosporine-A).html electron microscopy study of the nanoscale structure of the so-called “twist-bend” nematic phase of the cyanobiphenyl (CB) dimer molecule CB(CH2)(7)CB reveals stripe-textured fracture planes that indicate fluid layers periodically arrayed in the bulk with a spacing of d similar to 8.3 nm. Fluidity and a rigorously maintained spacing result in long-range-ordered 3D focal conic domains. Absence of a lamellar X-ray reflection at wavevector q similar to 2 pi/d or its harmonics in synchrotron-based scattering experiments indicates that this periodic structure is achieved with no detectable associated modulation of the electron density, and thus has nematic rather than smectic molecular ordering. A search for periodic ordering with d similar to in CB(CH2) 7CB using atomistic molecular dynamic computer simulation yields an equilibrium heliconical ground state, exhibiting nematic twist and bend, of the sort first proposed by Meyer, and envisioned in systems of bent molecules by Dozov and Memmer. We measure the director cone angle to be 0(TB) similar to 25 degrees and the full pitch of the director helix to be p(TB) similar to 8.

Results. The results demonstrated a low presence (8%) of uniform homophily

among networks, whereas a greater number (30%) of PHCs contained varying levels of differential homophily by 1 or more types of organization. Selleck CCI-779 We noted that the higher frequency among law enforcement, nonprofits, and public health organizations demonstrated a partner preference with similar organizations. Conclusions. Although we identified only a modest occurrence of partner preference in PHCs, overall success in efforts to work across boundaries might be problematic when public health members (often leaders of PHCs) exhibit the tendency to form silos.”
“van den Ende-Gupta syndrome Alvocidib clinical trial is characterized by craniofacial and skeletal manifestations, mainly malar and/or maxillary

hypoplasia, blepharophimosis, distinctive nose, lower lip eversion, arachnodactyly, camptodactyly, and long slender bones of hands and feet. Growth and development are normal. To date only 11 patients, from 8 families, have been described. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been accepted in this condition, supported by the presence of consanguinity in three families and the recurrence of the disorder within the offspring of unaffected couples. In this article we report on a kindred with three affected individuals, two brothers and their half-sister, in which the van den Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor Ende-Gupta syndrome is probably transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait in connection with gonadal mosaicism. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“The antagonism of cellular excitability in insects is mediated by a family of ionotropic

receptors, the ligand-gated chloride channels. In insects these inhibitory receptors include synaptic GABA and histamine receptors, functionally analogous to vertebrate GABA and glycine receptors, and glutamate receptors that appear to be unique to invertebrates. The ligand-gated chloride channel family in insects includes two well-validated targets for insect control agents: GABA receptors, which are the targets for a structural variety of small-molecule insecticides (polychlorocycloalkanes such as dieldrin and phenylpyrazoles such as fipronil) that have been used widely in agriculture; and glutamate receptors, which are the targets of macrocyclic lactone natural products (the avermectins) that have yielded not only commercial insecticides but also anthelminthic agents (i.e., ivermectin) employed in animal and human health. The availability of the complete genome sequence of the insect model system Drosophila melanogaster has permitted the identification of all of the genes encoding proteins with structural similarity to known ligand-gated chloride channel subunits (ligand-gated chloride channel homologs or LCCHs).

9-fold in clear cell RCC compared with papillary RCC (p = 1.48 x 10(-7); unpaired Wilcoxon rank sum test). Patients with advanced disease had higher CAV1 expression when compared with organ-confined disease (p = 0.019; unpaired Wilcoxon rank sum test). Moreover, mean tissue-specific CAV1 expression was increased in patients with distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis compared with patients without metastasis (p = 0.0058; unpaired Wilcoxon rank sum test). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study

to show that CAV1 mRNA expression, using quantitative real-time PCR, is significantly higher in RCC compared with normal renal Citarinostat tissue and increases with tumor stage. CAV1 mRNA expression might serve as a candidate biomarker for objective prognosis indicating RCC aggressiveness. Our data encourage further investigations to determine the role of CAV1 in RCC.”
“Lignocellulosic fibres are of growing interest for the design Akt targets of composite materials. While the mechanical properties of this type of material greatly depend on the morphology of the fibre population, available characterisation tools are often limited by the possibility of observing a representative number of fibres. This study validates the concept of using high-resolution

scanners to rapidly characterise the morphology of a large number of lignocellulosic fibres.\n\nA global particle analysis methodology is presented. It comprises: (1) the computation of adequate morphometric descriptors from digital images; (2) a strategy to identify the relevant morphometric features while avoiding redundancies; and (3) a clustering approach that automatically identifies classes of fibres with Lonafarnib nmr similar morphologies.\n\nThe results consist of the validation of the acquisition device, an automated typology of the fibre population, and a generic procedure for automatically determining relevant parameters in a morphometric study. Perspectives include the comparison of results with other characterisation systems, as well as more in-depth investigations of morphometric

features that describe the fibre branching structure. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: to test the effect of stone entrapment on laser lithotripsy efficiency.\n\nMaterials and Methods: Spherical stone phantoms were created using the BegoStone (R) plaster. Lithotripsy of one stone (1.0g) per test jar was performed with Ho: YAG laser (365 mu m fiber; 1 minute/trial). Four laser settings were tested: I-0.8J, 8Hz; II-0.2J, 50Hz; III-0.5J, 50Hz; IV-1.5J, 40Hz. Uro-Net (US Endoscopy) deployment was used in 3/9 trials. Post-treatment, stone fragments were strained though a 1mm sieve; after a 7-day drying period fragments and unfragmented stone were weighed. Uro-Net nylon mesh and wire frame resistance were tested (laser fired for 30s). All nets used were evaluated for functionality and strength (compared to 10 new nets).

“
“Unexpected induction of arrhythmias in Bindarit inhibitor the heart is still one of the major risks of new drugs despite recent improvements in cardiac safety assays. Here we address this in a novel emerging assay system. Eleven reference compounds were administrated to spontaneously beating clusters of cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CM) and the responses determined using multi-electrode arrays. Nine showed clear dose-dependence effects on field potential (FP) duration. Of these, the Ca2+ channel blockers caused profound

shortening of action potentials, whereas the classical hERG blockers, like dofetilide and D,L-sotalol, induced prolongation, as expected.\n\nUnexpectedly, two potent blockers of the slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium current (I-Ks), HMR1556 and JNJ303, had only minor effects on the extracellular FP of wild-type hPSC-CM despite evidence of functional I-Ks channels. These compounds were therefore re-evaluated under conditions that mimicked reduced “repolarization reserve,” a parameter reflecting the capacity of cardiomyocytes to repolarize and a strong risk factor for the development

of ventricular arrhythmias. Strikingly, in both pharmacological and genetic models of diminished repolarization reserve, HMR1556 and JNJ03 strongly increased the FP duration. These profound effects indicate that I-Ks plays SC79 an important role in limiting action potential prolongation when repolarization reserve is attenuated. The findings have important clinical implications and indicate that enhanced sensitization to repolarization-prolonging compounds through pharmacotherapy or genetic predisposition should be taken into account when assessing drug safety. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To examine the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial

magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with co-occurring major depression.\n\nMethods: We examined data on 20 male combat related PTSD patients admitted to the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Clinic of Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey between January 2011 and December 2012 that received rTMS in addition to medical therapy. We obtained AZD5153 the data by examining the case files and hospital computer records.\n\nResults: Decreases in the Impact of Event Scale (IES) hyperarousal scores were statistically significant. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the total IES scores, IES intrusion scores, IES avoidance scores, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores before and after rTMS treatment.\n\nConclusions: The efficacy of rTMS on the hyperarousal symptoms indicated that rTMS could be used in the treatment of patients with treatment-resistant PTSD.

Micellization was promoted in cyclohexane at room temperature without a catalyst. During micellization, the elimination of the allyl groups competitively occurred along with the photorearrangement of the 4-allyloxystyrene units into the 3-allyl-4-hydroxystyrene units.”
“Water pollution is a major environmental problem worldwide. In particular, shipyards are contaminating Dibutyryl-cAMP waters with iron,

lead and copper filings, paints, petrochemical products and solvents. There are only a few reports on the genotoxicity of shipyard contaminants. Here, we study genotoxic effects of surface water from five sites of Hooghly River in West Bengal, India, along the banks of which many shipbuilding and scrap industries are located. Genotoxicity Ruboxistaurin concentration was measured by the detection of micronuclei in Allium cepa and other chromosomal aberrations, as well as damage to genomic DNA of calf thymus. Results show that A. cepa roots treated with contaminated water induced morphological distortions, formation of micronuclei and various types of chromosomal aberrations. The mitotic index was lower than 50 % in the treated samples. The breakage of calf thymus DNA was time-dependent with acute damage of 100 % for overnight incubation

as evidenced by agarose gel electrophoresis. We conclude that the workers of local shipbuilding and scrap industries, the residents of nearby areas and the aquatic biodiversity are vulnerable to contaminated waters.”
“Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are signaling organelles that are released by many cell types and is highly conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Based on the mechanism of biogenesis, these membranous vesicles can be classified as exosomes, shedding microvesicles, and apoptotic blebs. It is becoming clearer that these

EVs mediate signal transduction in both autocrine and paracrine fashion by the transfer of proteins and RNA. While the role of EVs including exosomes in pathogenesis is well established, very little is known about their function in normal physiological conditions. Recent evidences allude that EVs canmediate both protective and pathogenic effects depending on the precise state. In this review, we discuss the involvement of EVs see more asmediators of signal transduction in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, the role of EVs in mediating Wnt and PI3K signaling pathways is also discussed. Additional findings on the involvement of EVs in homeostasis and disease progression will promote a better biological understanding, advance future therapeutic, and diagnostic applications.”
“Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is difficult to diagnosis, mainly due to the presence of asymptomatic animals, the diversity of clinical symptoms and the difficulty in obtaining diagnostic evidence of high sensitivity and specificity.

5 method is only half as expensive as CCSD because there is no need to solve lambda(2)-amplitude equations for OMP2.5. The performance of the OMP2.5 method is compared with that of the standard second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation Raf targets theory (MP2), MP2.5, CCSD, and coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) methods for equilibrium geometries, hydrogen transfer reactions between radicals, and noncovalent interactions. For bond lengths of both closed and open-shell molecules, the

OMP2.5 method improves upon MP2.5 and CCSD by 38%-43% and 31%-28%, respectively, with Dunning’s cc-pCVQZ basis set. For complete basis set (CBS) predictions of hydrogen transfer reaction energies, the OMP2.5 method exhibits Selleck Nocodazole a substantially better performance than MP2.5, providing a mean absolute error of 1.1 kcal mol(-1), which is more than 10 times lower than that of MP2.5 (11.8 kcal mol(-1)), and comparing toMP2 (14.6 kcal mol(-1)) there is a more than 12-fold reduction in errors. For noncovalent interaction energies (at CBS limits), the OMP2.5 method maintains the very good performance of MP2.5 for closed-shell systems, and for open-shell systems it significantly outperforms MP2.5 and CCSD, and approaches CCSD(T) quality. The MP2.5 errors decrease

by a factor of 5 when the optimized orbitals are used for open-shell noncovalent interactions, and comparing to CCSD there is a more than 3-fold reduction in errors. Overall, the present application results indicate that the OMP2.5 method is very promising for open-shell noncovalent interactions and other chemical systems with difficult electronic structures. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a member of the immunophilin family of proteins and receptor for the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A (CsA). Here we Nutlin-3 supplier describe

the design and synthesis of a new class of small-molecule inhibitors for CypA that are based upon a dimedone template. Electrospray mass spectrometry is utilised as an initial screen to quantify the protein affinity of the ligands. Active inhibitors and fluorescently labelled derivatives are then used as chemical probes for investigating the biological role of cyclophilins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.”
“Severely growth-discordant monochorionic (MC) twins offer a unique opportunity to study fetal and placental growth based on a similar genetic background and maternal host environment where the healthy twin serves as an ideal control. Differences in development of MC twins may therefore be due to differential epigenetic regulation of genes involved in placental development and function. Growth-discordant twins are known for abnormal angio-architecture in the placenta of the smaller twin. Since the reasons for this phenotype are mostly unknown this study was aimed to investigate the expression and regulation of genes known to be involved in angiogenesis.

Additionally. attenuation in the expression of MOR(1) mRNA was observed, but statistically significant only in animals receiving the higher dose. Neither the expression levels of ADRA(1D) nor GABA(A) mRNA were altered. Interestingly, the harmful effects of lactational exposure to B[alpha]P on behaviour and cognitive function were still found despite a long post-weaning period. Young mice whose mothers were

exposed to B[alpha]P displayed a disinhibition behaviour towards the aversive spaces of the elevated plus maze. Furthermore, a significant increase of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze was observed, but only in young mice whose mothers ACY-738 manufacturer were orally exposed to the lower dose of B[alpha]P. Our results suggest a close link between the neurobiological change highlighted in pups’ brain and the different behavioural disturbances observed during postnatal development period until young adult stage. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Endoscopic endoluminal radiofrequency ablation is achieving increasing acceptance as a mode of eliminating Barrett’s metaplasia and, thus, reducing the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma. It is believed that reducing exposure of the esophageal epithelium to acid is essential to achieve

long-term ablation of Barrett’s esophagus. However, it is unclear whether use of proton pump inhibitors or antireflux operations are more effective to accomplish this goal.\n\nAll patients who underwent endoscopic endoluminal selleck radiofrequency ablation with the BARRx device (BARRx Medical, Sunnyvale, CA) were reviewed for date of initial ablation, length of Barrett’s epithelium, presence or performance of Nissen fundoplication, all follow-up endoscopy and treatment, and posttreatment biopsy results. Patients were categorized by presence of Nissen fundoplication and presence of Barrett’s

metaplasia or dysplasia by biopsy at least 12 months following ablation and at last endoscopic follow-up. Data were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U-test.\n\nOf 77 patients ablated, 47 had documented endoscopic follow-up at 12 months or longer following the ablation. Compound Library in vivo Of these, 19 patients had Nissen fundoplication before, at the same time, or after ablation. Median length of Barrett’s epithelium, with interquartile range (IQR), was 3 (2-12) cm in patients with fundoplication compared with 3 (2-7) cm without fundoplication (P = NS). Median follow-up was 15 (12-24) months in fundoplication patients compared with 12.5 (12-17) months without (P = NS). One of 19 patients with fundoplication had persistent or recurrent Barrett’s epithelium, compared with 7 of 28 without fundoplication (P = 0.03). Of patients without fundoplication, those who had persistent or recurrent Barrett’s had median Barrett’s length of 10 cm (6-12 cm) compared with 3 cm (2-5 cm) in patients who had ablated Barrett’s (P = 0.03).

This research proposes a novel two-stage optimization system for photolithography process integrating the Taguchi method, back-propagation neural networks, genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and related technologies to effectively generate optimal process parameter settings. The first stage is to reduce the process variance. The second stage is to find the final optimal LDK378 solubility dmso process parameter

settings for the best quality specification. Experimental results show that the proposed system can create the best process parameters which not only meet the quality specification for the micro-dots on the photoresist, but also effectively enhance the overall process stability.”
“A constitutive activation of protein kinase B (AKT) in a hyper-phosphorylated status at Ser(473) is one of the hallmarks of anti-EGFR therapy-resistant colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to examine the role of cytosolic phospholipase

selleck chemicals llc A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) on AKT phosphorylation at Ser(473) and cell proliferation in CRC cells with mutation in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). AKT phosphorylation at Ser(473) was resistant to EGF stimulation in CRC cell lines of DLD-1 (PIK3CA(E545K) mutation) and HT-29 (PIK3CA(P499T) mutation). Over-expression of cPLA(2)alpha by stable transfection increased basal and EGF-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and proliferation in DLD-1 cells. In contrast, silencing of cPLA(2)alpha with siRNA or inhibition with Efipladib decreased basal and EGF-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and proliferation in HT-29. Treating

animals transplanted with DLD-1 with Efipladib (10 mg/kg, i.p. daily) over 14 days reduced xenograft growth by bigger than 90% with a concomitant decrease in AKT phosphorylation. In human CRC tissue, cPLA(2)alpha expression and phosphorylation were increased in 63% (77/120) compared with adjacent normal mucosa determined by immunohistochemistry. We conclude that cPLA(2)alpha is required for sustaining AKT phosphorylation at Ser(473) and cell proliferation in CRC cells with PI3K mutation, and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of CRC resistant to anti-EGFR selleck products therapy.”
“Visual cortical responses are usually attenuated by repetition, a phenomenon known as repetition suppression (RS). Here, we use multivoxel pattern analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to show that RS co-occurs with the converse phenomenon (repetition enhancement, RE) in a single cortical region. We presented human volunteers with short sequences of repeated faces and measured brain activity using fMRI. In an independently defined face-responsive extrastriate region, the response of each voxel to repetition (RS vs. RE) was consistent across scanner runs, and multivoxel patterns for both RS and RE voxels were stable.