“
“Purpose of AP26113 review

There are reasonably compelling data documenting the beneficial impact of lung transplantation on functional status, hemodynamics, and quality of life. Demonstration of a survival benefit has been more problematic, largely due to significant constraints on long-term survival. This article reviews the current literature addressing the question of whether transplantation is truly a life-extending procedure.

Recent findings

Because randomized trials are nonexistent, the question has been approached by comparing observed posttransplant survival to wait list survival, or by simulating

survival with and without transplantation by statistical modeling. Studies uniformly suggest that transplantation extends survival for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, studies are conflicting and suggest that survival benefit is largely restricted to a subset of patients with extremely severe airflow obstruction who undergo bilateral lung transplantation. Cystic fibrosis (CF) adults with a predicted 5-year survival of less than 50%, and without Burkholderia cepacia or arthropathy appear most likely to realize a survival benefit. Whether transplantation extends survival for pediatric CF patients remains controversial.

Summary

Questions about the survival benefit of lung transplantation linger. In the

absence of definitive answers, it may be most appropriate to view transplant as a procedure that enhances the quality but not necessarily the duration of life.”
“Aim: This study aimed to compare the differences in perioperative LY2157299 nmr outcome after endovascular repair of symptomatic abdominal aneurysms (S-AAAs) and elective non-symptomatic AAAs (E-AAAs). Data from the ENGAGE Registry were used for the analysis.

Methods: Between March 2009 and

December 2010, 1200 AAA patients were enrolled from 79 sites in 30 countries and treated with an Endurant Stent Graft. S-AAAs defined as AAAs accompanied by abdominal or back pain, without rupture, were present in 185 (15.4%) patients and E-AAAs in 1015 (84.6%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare results.

Results: At baseline, E-AAA patients had larger aneurysms on average www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-6258.html (P = 0.006) and scored higher ASA classification more often (P = 0.001). Further analyses were corrected for baseline differences. Operation time and technical success were comparable, and S-AAAs were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) as often as E-AAAs (35.7% vs. 33.4%, P = 0.479). Post-operative hospitalisation was similar (4.83 +/- 5.29 in E-AAAs and 4.37 +/- 3.49 in S-AAAs, P = 0.360). No differences in the occurrence of major adverse events, including mortality, within the 30-day post-implantation were seen between S-AAA and E-AAA patients, respectively, 3.2% and 4.2% (P = 0.572).

A literature search this website was conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE with these keywords: (intra)pulmonary thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, lung embolism, (intra)cardiac thrombosis, cardiac thrombi, in combination with CPB, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, or cardiac surgery. Putative risk factors were compiled from reported cases.

We identified 34 cases of massive intrapulmonary and/or intracardiac thromboses. All but 2 cases (94.1%) were fatal. Clinical presentations were systemic hypotension and/or pulmonary hypertension,

right ventricular failure, and cardiogenic shock in 32 (94.1%) cases. The timing was immediate (< 10 min) following hemostatic intervention in 16 cases (47.1%), within 45 min in 8 cases (23.5%), and not reported in the rest. Putative risk factors included antifibrinolytic use (88.2%), congestive heart failure (55.9%), prolonged CPB use (> 2 h) (41.1%), and low activated clotting time (< 400 s) after initial heparinization (20.6%). The administration of tissue plasminogen Caspase inhibitor activator in 5 cases was ineffective.

Massive thrombosis following

cardiac surgery is a highly lethal event with limited treatment options. Particular attention should be paid to the status of thrombin regulatory proteins before protamine and other hemostatic interventions in patients undergoing complex cardiac surgery with antifibrinolytic agents.”
“In this study, the flocculation process in continuous systems with chambers in series was analyzed using the classical kinetic

model of aggregation and break-up proposed by Argaman and Kaufman, which incorporates two main parameters: K (a) and K (b). Typical values for these parameters were used, i. e., K (a) = 3.68 x 10(-5)-1.83 x 10(-4) and K (b) = 1.83 x 10(-7)-2.30 x 10(-7) s(-1). The analysis consisted of performing simulations of system behavior under different operating conditions, including variations in the number of chambers used and the utilization of fixed or scaled velocity gradients in the units. The response variable analyzed in all simulations was the total retention time necessary to achieve a given flocculation efficiency, which was determined by means of conventional solution methods of nonlinear algebraic selleck kinase inhibitor equations, corresponding to the material balances on the system. Values for the number of chambers ranging from 1 to 5, velocity gradients of 20-60 s(-1) and flocculation efficiencies of 50-90 % were adopted.”
“Aim: To describe how the use of new and established animal models and methods can generate vital and far reaching experimental data in the study of mechanism underlying neurogenic bladder overactivity. Methods: Bladder and colonic irradiated mice and those with upper and lower motor neuron lesions were used to study neurogenic bladder overactivity.

Indications included aggression

(66%), impulsivity (14%), and stereotypies (4%). Sixty-six percent met criteria for success at 6 months and 53% at 1 year. Sixty-seven percent of the nonsuccess group reported side effects, compared to 47% of the success group. Weight gain was the most common side effect in both groups, followed by somnolence. Somnolence was the most robust predictor of nonsuccess. In our clinic-referred sample, the short-term success rate of risperidone was more than 50%, and side effects limited its use. Although weight gain was common, somnolence more significantly influenced treatment discontinuation.”
“Staging of cutaneous melanoma continues to evolve through identification and rigorous analysis of potential prognostic factors. In 1998, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Melanoma Staging Committee developed the AJCC melanoma staging database, an international integrated compilation of prospectively accumulated https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2126458.html melanoma outcome data from several centers and clinical trial cooperative groups. Analysis of this database resulted in major revisions to the TNM staging system reflected in the sixth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual published in 2002. More recently, the committee’s analysis of an updated melanoma staging database, including prospective

data on more than 50,000 patients, led to staging revisions adopted in the seventh edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual published in 2009. This article highlights these revisions, reviews relevant prognostic KU-57788 chemical structure factors and their impact on staging, and discusses emerging tools that will likely affect future staging systems and clinical practice.”
“Associated abnormalities of the white matter in patients with agyria-pachygyria complex have rarely been investigated using new imaging modalities like diffusion tensor imaging. The present study evaluated the white matter changes of 9 children with agyria-pachygyria complex using diffusion tensor imaging. Regions of interest were placed in 17 white matter tracts. Compared with

normal controls, the axial diffusivity of the genu of the corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, and fornix in patients with agyria-pachygyria complex was decreased. In the subcortical white matter without changes in T2-weighted image, there were significant LDK378 purchase decreases in fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity and increases in radial diffusivity, indicating significant alterations of the white matter. Since axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity reflect changes in the axon and myelin, respectively, the findings here indicate disturbance in both axonal and myelin development in agyria-pachygyria complex.”
“We report the case of a successful multivisceral transplant in which both donor and recipient presented aberrant anatomy of the celiac-mesenteric axis requiring five separate arterial anastomoses to reconstruct the blood inflow to the graft.

In contrast to previous findings among pre-PHV boys, no associations between posture clusters and spinal pain measures were significant in girls at pre-PHV age. When comparing discrete ‘global’ alignment scores across corresponding posture types, some intriguing differences were found between genders which might involve different biomechanical loading patterns. Whether habitual posture forms a risk factor for developing spinal

pain LY2157299 in vivo up to adulthood needs evaluation in prospective multifactorial follow-up research.”
“BACKGROUND The success of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is contingent on high-quality frozen tissue sections for histologic interpretation. Laboratory assistive personnel (LAP) are central to this process, but their training and

tissue processing techniques are neither standardized nor certified for competence.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate processes used to train and laboratory techniques practiced by LAP. Letters were mailed to Mohs surgeons with a Web link to an online survey for LAP to complete.

RESULTS Response rate was 24%. Responders primarily received training on the job, but not from the surgeon. On-the-job training from other LAP was perceived to be the most helpful, and textbook MAPK inhibitor to be the least helpful. On average, survey responders felt it took several months to become proficient. Wide variations in laboratory practice were noted for histology laboratory

and Mohs tissue processing techniques and for quality assurance. Differences in training and practices were noted between certified and noncertified LAP.

CONCLUSION Patient care may be compromised because of variable practice of laboratory techniques, quality assurance, and quality control. Standardization of LAP training, along with demonstration and maintenance of competency, may be necessary to ensure the integrity of the MMS technique.”
“In order to obtain the active compounds against third armyworm (Mythimna separata) contained in Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai by solvent partition, successive fractionation on silica Citarinostat gel and bioassay by the conventional leaf disc method, three diterpenoidal alkaloids were isolated for the first time from the roots of A. sinomontanum Nakai. Their structures were established as demethylenedelcorine, 18-O-methylgigactonine and lepenine based on their spectral data and Xray diffraction analysis. Demethylenedelcorine and 18-O-methylgigactonine exhibited better pesticidal activities against M. separata, while lepenine had the induce-feeding activity against M. separata. The three diterpenoidal alkaloids exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal activities against certain kinds of the tested bacteria and fungi.”
“To investigate whether the sagittal morphology differs between the left and right thoracic curves in patients with Chiari malformation-associated scoliosis (CMS).

While weak TH receptor (TR) agonist potency was observed in only one of 15 water sources, antagonist potency was present in most of the water sources. TR antagonist equivalents could be explained by the presence of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), with check details concentrations ranging from

2.8 x 10(1) to 1.6 x 10(3) mu g DBP /L (ATR-EQ(50)s). None of the ground waters exhibited TH agonist potencies while all of the samples from Taihu Lake displayed notable TR antagonist potencies. To identify the responsible thyroid active compounds, instrumental analysis was conducted to measure a list of potential thyroid-disrupting chemicals, including organochlorine (OC) pesticides and phthalate esters. Combining the results of the instrumental analysis with those of the bioassay, DBP was determined to account for 17% to 144% of ATR-EQ(50s)

in water sources. Furthermore, ATR-EQ(20-80) ranges for TR antagonist activities indicated that samples from locations WX-1 and WX-2 posed the greatest health concern selleck products and the associated uncertainty may warrant further investigation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“AimThe aim of this study is to determine the risk factors of mesh exposures following abdominal sacral colpopexy (ASC) in which polypropylene mesh is used.

MethodsThis is a retrospective learn more cohort study of patients who underwent ASC and were subsequently followed for development of mesh exposure for vaginal/vault prolapse between 2002 and 2012. Demographics and risk factors of the patients who did develop mesh exposure

after ASC and the ones who did not were compared.

ResultsIn 42 months of survey, 19 of the 292 patients who underwent ASC developed mesh exposure. It was found that rates of patients with stage 3-4 prolapse were significantly greater in the mesh exposure group than in the control group (P=0.04). Rates of mesh exposure were lower in patients with previous hysterectomy (P=0.03). Also, it was found that concomitant hysterectomy or three or more additional procedures increased the risk of mesh exposure (P=0.03 and P=0.02).

ConclusionIn abdominal sacrocolpopexy operations in which polypropylene meshes are used, stage 3 or 4 prolapse, concomitant hysterectomy and three or more additional procedures increase the risk of mesh exposure development.”
“This randomized controlled clinical trial examined the usefulness of including an assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in the routine clinical care of lung-transplant patients. We hypothesized that the inclusion of HRQL in routine clinical care would improve patient-clinician communication, affect clinical management, and improve patients’ HRQL.

J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:870-8 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“Polarized neutron reflectometry BV-6 in vivo was used to determine the depth profile of the magnetic moment per Gd atom, m(Gd), in a Gd(30 nm)/W(5 nm) multilayer. Despite sharp interfaces observed by transmission electron

microscopy, m(Gd) is systematically suppressed near the Gd-W interfaces. Because the peak magnetic entropy change is proportional to m(Gd)(2/3), this results in a reduction of the maximum achievable magnetocaloric effect in Gd-W heterostructures. By extension, our results suggest that creating materials with Gd-ferromagnet interfaces may increase the m(Gd) relative to the bulk, leading to enhanced magnetocaloric properties. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3555101]“
“PURPOSE: To assess the safety, efficacy, stability, and predictability

of collagen copolymer toric phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation to correct myopia and astigmatism in eyes with keratoconus.

SETTING: Fernandez-Vega Ophthalmological Institute, Oviedo, Spain.

METHODS: This prospective study Selleckchem AZD6244 comprised keratoconic eyes that had implantation of a toric Intraocular Col lamer Lens. Uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, refraction, and postoperative complications were evaluated 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.

RESULTS: Preoperatively, the mean spherical AZD1208 ic50 equivalent in the 30 eyes (21 patients) was -5.38 diopters (D) +/- 3.26 (SD) (range -13.50 to -0.63 D) and the mean cylinder, -3.48 +/- 1.24 D (range -1.75 to -6.00 D). At 12 months, 86.7% of the eyes were within +/- 0.50 D of the attempted refraction and all eyes were within +/- 1.00 D. For the astigmatic components J0 and J45, 83.3% of eyes and 86.7% of eyes, respectively, were within +/- 0.50 D. The mean Snellen UDVA was 0.81 +/- 0.20 and the mean CDVA, 0.83 +/- 0.18; CDVA was 20/40 or better in 29 eyes 96.7% of eyes and 20/25 or better in 22 eyes (73.3%).

No eyes lost more than 2 lines of CDVA; 29 eyes (96.7%) maintained or gained 1 or more lines. The efficacy index was 1.07 and the safety index, 1.16. There were no complications or adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm that toric ICL implantation is a predictable, effective procedure to correct ametropia in eyes with keratoconus. Predictability and stability were achieved early and remained fairly stable up to 12 months.”
“BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine the effect of a disease-management model termed an “”intensive surveillance protocol”" (ISP) on survival in ventricular assist device (VAD) patients. This intervention consisted of a formalized, protocol-driven, multi-disciplinary team approach to VAD patient follow-up initiated August 1, 2006.

At 5 years, these outcomes are not significantly different between comparing groups. The complication and reoperation rate of two groups are similar both at 2 and at 5 years. In conclusion,

TDR does not show significant superiority for the treatment of lumbar DDD compared with fusion. The benefits of motion preservation and the long-term complications are still unable to be concluded. More high-quality RCTs with long-term follow-up are needed.”
“Objective: Evaluate the surgical results of axis screw instrumentation. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of the clinical and radiological data of patients submitted to axis fixation using screws. Results: Seventeen patients were surgically treated. The mean age was 41.8 years (range: GM6001 clinical trial 12-73). Spinal cord trauma was the most common cause of instability (8 patients – 47%). Bilateral axis fixation was performed in all cases, except one, with laminar screw (total of 33 axis screws). Seven patients (41.1%) underwent bilateral pars screws; laminar screws were used in six cases and pedicular screws were used in two. In two cases, we performed a hybrid construction (laminar + pars and pedicle

+ pars). There was no neurological worsening or death, nor complications directly related to use axis screws. Conclusion: Axis instrumentation was effective and safe, regardless of the technique used for stabilization. Based on our learnt experience, we proposed an algorithm to choose the best technique for axis screw fixation.”
“Background: Gender-specific differences in cardiovascular MLN4924 cost risk are well known, and current evidence Crenigacestat in vivo supports an existing

role of endothelium in these differences. The purpose of this study was to assess non invasively coronary endothelial function in male and female young volunteers by myocardial blood flow (MBF) measurement using coronary sinus (CS) flow quantification by velocity encoded cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) at rest and during cold pressor test (CPT).

Methods: Twenty-four healthy volunteers (12 men, 12 women) underwent CMR in a 3 Tesla MR imager. Coronary sinus flow was measured at rest and during CPT using non breath-hold velocity encoded phase contrast cine-CMR. Myocardial function and morphology were acquired using a cine steady-state free precession sequence.

Results: At baseline, mean MBF was 0.63 +/- 0.23 mL.g(-1).min(-1) in men and 0.79 +/- 0.21 mL.g(-1).min(-1) in women. During CPT, the rate pressure product in men significantly increased by 49 +/- 36% (p < 0.0001) and in women by 52 +/- 22% (p < 0.0001). MBF increased significantly in both men and women by 0.22 +/- 0.19 mL.g(-1).min(-1) (p = 0.0022) and by 0.73 +/- 0.43 mL.g(-1).min(-1) (p = 0.0001), respectively. The increase in MBF was significantly higher in women than in men (p = 0.0012).

Chitosan-tapioca starch based films reduced Zygosaccharomyces bailii external spoilage in a semisolid product but were not effective against Lactobacillus spp. The results suggest that antibacterial action depended on the application technique, due to the fact that chitosan is more available in a coating solution than in a film matrix. Interactions between chitosan-starch and/or KS could affect film physical properties and ATM inhibitor the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. The addition of chitosan reduced water vapor permeability and solubility of starch films. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Novel core-shell latices

with a partially crosslinked hydrophilic polymer core and a hard hydrophobic shell of polystyrene were prepared to improve optical properties of coated paper Such as gloss and brightness. These core-shell latices were prepared by sequential Autophagy inhibitor concentration addition of a monomer mixture of styrene, n-butylacrylate and methacrylic acid. Different crosslinkers were

used to form the polymer core and in the second stage styrene to form the hard shell component. In addition, attempts were made to further improve optical properties by introducing a new polymerizable optical brightener, i.e., 1-[(4-vinylphenoxy)-methyl]-4-(2-phenylethylenyl)benzene during polymerization either into the core or into the shell. The prepared core-shell latex particles were used as specialty plastic pigments for paper coating together with kaolin as the primary pigment. PHA-739358 nmr The runability of paper coating formulation by either using a laboratory scale Helicoater or pilot

scale JET-coating machine was very good. The produced coated papers were printed on both sides employing a heat set web offset (HSWO) printer to study the quality of image reproduction in terms of print gloss, print mottle, print through, etc. The core-shell latices improved the overall print quality. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that by optimizing polymer composition one can significantly enhance the optical properties and surface smoothness of coated paper. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 1265-1270, 2009″
“Aims: The question if it is possible and safe to anesthetize children for short procedures without intravenous (IV) access provokes strong opinions among pediatric anesthetists. However, only limited data are available to support either side of the arguments. This pediatric university hospital provides anesthesia to a community dental service, led by staff anesthesiologists. A rapid turnover system based on inhalational induction and maintenance of anesthesia without mandatory IV access has been employed since 2005. Methods: A retrospective service analysis was performed to identify the incidence of adverse anesthesia events. Results: A total of 6440 children with an average (-/+ sd) age of 8.1 (+/- 4.1) years and weight of 29.6 (+/- 13.

01), although invasion by EMT(+) and EMT(-) HPMCs in the absence of a FN concentration gradient was not statistically significantly different. Compared with the EMT(+) control (no concentration gradient), invasion

by EMT(+) HPMCs was 2.1 +/- 0.5 times (p < 0.05) and 1.4 +/- 0.4 times (p = nonsignificant) higher along the FN and Alb concentration gradients respectively. Increased invasion along the FN concentration gradient was significantly inhibited PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 purchase (p < 0.05) when the HPMCs were pre-incubated with 5 mu g/mL RGDS (a blocker for alpha(5)-integrin to FN).

Conclusions: We conclude that EMT(+) HPMCs invade collagen gel along the FN concentration gradient because of specific binding to RGDS receptors, which bind integrins such as alpha(5)-integrin, upregulating invasion-related gene expression associated with synthesis of the cytoskeleton protein a smooth muscle actin.”
“Dissolved organic matter (DOM) exerts direct and indirect influences on aquatic organisms. In order to better understand how DOM causes these effects, potentiometric titration was carried out for a wide range of autochthonous and terrigenous freshwater DOM isolates. The isolates were previously

characterized www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Proton binding constants (pK(a)) were grouped into three classes: acidic (pK(a) <= 5), intermediate (5 < pK(a) <= 8.5) and basic (pK(a) > 8.5). Generally, the proton site densities (L-T) showed maximum peaks at the acidic and basic ends around pK(a) values of 3.5 and 10, respectively. More variably positioned peaks occurred in the intermediate pK(a) range. The acid-base titrations revealed the dominance of carboxylic and phenolic ligands with a trend for more

autochthonous sources to have higher total L-T. A summary parameter, referred to as the Proton Binding Index (PBI), was introduced to summarize chemical reactivity of DOMs based on the data of pK(a) and L-T. Then, the already published spectroscopic data were explored and the specific absorbance coefficient at 340 nm (i.e. SAC(340)), an index of DOM aromaticity, was found to exhibit a strong correlation with PBI. Thus, the tendencies observed in the literature that darker organic matter is more protective buy PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 against metal toxicity and more effective in altering physiological processes in aquatic organisms can now be rationalized on a basis of chemical reactivity to protons. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The precessional dynamics of a 2×2 mu m(2) CoFe/NiFe (4.6 nm) element stimulated by an in-plane pulsed magnetic field have been investigated using time- and vector-resolved Kerr microscopy measurements and micromagnetic simulations. The time-resolved signals were normalized to in-plane hysteresis loops obtained from the patterned material, and suggest that the magnetization reorients through an angle of 100 degrees +/- 10 degrees.

5-cm area encompassing the bladder trigone and ureteral orifices. Prostate and bladder trigone were harvested immediately after treatment (2 subjects) or at 14 days (6 subjects). Flexible cystourethroscopy, US imaging, and creatinine levels were obtained at intervals until harvest, 14 days after I-BET-762 price treatment. In one control subject, harvested at

2 days, the same treatment algorithm was applied to the prostate. Results: Transrectal US imaging revealed a cavitation bubble cloud on the surface of the bladder trigone and progressive development of tissue edema during treatment. Flexible cystourethroscopy immediately after treatment confirmed edema and erythema of the trigone. In the six subjects survived 2 weeks after treatment, one incidence of transient, self-limited ureteral obstruction was noted based on hydronephrosis and creatinine levels. At harvest, ureteral orifices

were confirmed patent by passage of a guide wire. Histologic evaluation revealed hemorrhage acutely with mild localized fibrosis at 14 days. HDAC inhibitors list Conclusions: In this study, designed along the lines of a worst-case, destructive testing scenario, direct targeting of the bladder trigone with supratherapeutic histotripsy failed to induce significant tissue damage or clinical complication. These results are reassuring and will guide treatment strategy in upcoming human clinical trials of selleck kinase inhibitor histotripsy treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia.”
“BACKGROUND: A simple model is required to produce a fast computational code that is sufficiently precise to be used for the design, simulation, control and optimization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) risers. This work experimentally validates and adjusts a simplified FCC riser model using available experimental data, and proposes utilization of the inverse problem of the parameter estimation method to fit any existing kinetic model to a specific feedstock/catalyst set for general application.

RESULTS: The model adjustment procedure was repeated for nine different experimental

sets and the best fitting parameters were obtained statistically. The fitting parameters were utilized to predict the riser output conditions for the other 18 data sets. The numerical results are in good quantitative and qualitative agreement with the experimental data. The model was then utilized to simulate an industrial FCC riser, predicting concentrations and temperatures profiles from the bottom to the top of the riser.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the simplified model, combined with the proposed inverse methodology could produce accurate results for any feedstock/catalyst set, once the kinetic model is known for a particular feedstock/catalyst set. Therefore, a low computational time and accurate tool is made available for simulation, control, design and optimization of FCC risers.