In this study, maximum BFV data in both posterior cerebral arteries was monitored during a visual perception task (10 cycles of alternating darkness and illumination)

for 23 subjects. A peak was located in the low-frequency band of the spectrum of the maximum BFV of each subject both during visual stimulation and repose periods. The frequency of this peak was in the range between 0.037 and 0.098 Hz, depending on the subject, the vessel and the experimental condition. The component of the signal at this frequency, which is associated with the slow variations caused by the Linsitinib supplier visual stimuli, was estimated. That way, the variations in BFV caused by the experimental stimuli were isolated from the variations caused by other factors. This low-frequency estimation signal was used to obtain parameters about the temporal evolution and the magnitude variations of the BFV in a reliable way, thus, characterizing the neurovascular coupling of the participants. (E-mail: [email protected]) (C) 2010World Federation for Ultrasound

in Medicine & Biology.”
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additives on in vitro Gas Production (IVGP), IVGP kinetics, energy values, Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) and Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD) of Sugar Beet Pulp Silage (SBPS). Eight different silages were prepared form the sugar beet pulp samples. Silage treatments included no additives (CONT), Artturi Imarin Virtanen solution (AIV), feed urea (UREA), Formic Acid (FAS), biological inoculants Maize All (MAL) and Sil All (SAL), F silofarm formiat dry (SFD) and F Silofarm Selleck AR-13324 Liquid (SLI). The effects of different silage additives were determined using IVGP technique and pepsin-cellulase method in this study. Three Sakiz x Karayaka rams aged 2 years with ruminal cannulas were used IVGP technique. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and energy values were studied by using pepsin-cellulase method. The silage additives significantly affected the nutrient

contents of SBPS (p<0.01). The highest crude protein content was found in UREA treated silages. Highest values in terms of NFE were determined in FAS treated STA-9090 concentration silages (p<0.01). The IVGP of AIV treated silages were significantly lower than those of silages applied for other treatments at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h incubations (p<0.01). Biological inoculants (MAL and SAL), SLI and SFD treatments resulted in the highest energy values and IVGP. In conclusion, the use of IVGP technique can be recommended in the estimation of ME and NE, values of SBPS since this technique provides more reliable estimates as compared to pepsin-cellulase method.”
“OBJECTIVES To determine prevalence and demographics of two myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3) mutations that affect ragdolls (R820W) and Maine coons (A31P) in the British Isles.

High COD levels (COD >= 400 mg L(-1)) caused evident physiological changes GW-572016 chemical structure in P australis. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved”
“Ecdysteroids are multifunctional hormones in male and female arthropods and are stored in oocytes for use during embryogenesis. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its hormonal regulation are denionstrated for insect gonads, but not for the gonads of other arthropods. The Y-organ in the cephalothorax of crustaceans and the integument of ticks are sources of secreted ecdysteroids in adults, as in earlier stages, but the

tissue Source is not known for adults in many arthropod groups. Ecdysteroid metabolism Occurs in several tissues of adult arthropods. This review summarizes the evidence for ecdysteroid biosynthesis by gonads and its metabolism in adult arthropods and considers the apparent uniqueness of ecdysteroid hormones in arthropods, given the predominance

of vertebrate-type steroids in sister invertebrate groups and vertebrates.”
“Endometrial serous carcinomas KPT-8602 cell line constitute no more than 10% of endometrial adenocarcinomas, but frequently present at an advanced stage and have a significantly worse prognosis than the more common low-grade and intermediate-grade endometrioid adenocarcinomas. The neoplasm’s potential for rapid tumor progression and the high mortality that is associated with advanced-stage disease underscore the importance of understanding endometrial serous carcinogenesis so that its precancers can be diagnosed and an effective therapeutic intervention can Epigenetics inhibitor be administered. In this study, the authors summarize the current state of knowledge on endometrial serous carcinogenesis and propose a model for its development based on recent work from our group and published data from other researchers. In this model, endometrial

serous carcinoma arises predominantly in the resting endometrium, manifesting first as p53 immunoreactive, morphologically normal endometrial cells (p53 signatures), evolving to endometrial glandular dysplasia (which is the first morphologically identifiable precursor lesion), then to serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (a carcinoma with a noninvasive growth pattern in the uterus but which is not infrequently associated with extrauterine disease), and finally into fully developed serous carcinoma. Endometrial glandular dysplasia is a lesion, which can be diagnosed by routine microscopic evaluation, whose ablation or removal may potentially offer the opportunity to prevent the development of the associated malignancy. The diagnostic criteria, practical applicability, and evidentiary basis for the delineation of this lesion are studied.”
“Frontonasal Dysplasia (FND) and Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) are two well-recognized clinical entities. With features of both FND and OAVS, the term oculoauriculofrontonasal syndrome (OAFNS) was coined in 1981.

Overlapping peptides spanning each T4SS protein were tested in T cell proliferation assays with autologous antigen-presenting

cells (APC) and artificial APC expressing combinations GSK2399872A of bovine DR and DQ molecules. Twenty immunostimulatory peptides were identified; three representing two or more epitopes in VirB9-1, ten representing eight or more epitopes in VirB9-2 and seven representing seven or more epitopes in VirB10. Of the eight DRA/DRB3 molecules, four presented 15 peptides, which was biased as DRA/DRB3*1201 presented ten and DRA/DRB3*1101 presented four peptides. Four DQA/DQB molecules composed of two intrahaplotype and two interhaplotype pairs presented seven peptides, of which five were uniquely presented by DQ molecules. In addition, three functional mixed isotype (DQA/DRB3) restriction elements were identified. The immunogenicity and broad MHC class II presentation of multiple VirB9-1, VirB9-2 and VirB10 peptide epitopes justify their DMH1 testing as a multiepitope vaccine against A. marginale.”
“A liquid phase microextraction method using hollow

fiber to support extraction solvent was developed for enrichment of trace level chloroanilines in environmental water samples. Target analytes, 2-chloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline, 2,3-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, and 3,5-dichloroaniline were determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector after extraction. Experimental conditions that affect extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. The proposed method showed a wide linear range from lower mu g L(-1) to 1,000 mu g L(-1), low detection limits (a parts per thousand currency sign5.1 mu g L(-1)), and reasonable relative standard deviations (RSDs < 13%). Feasibility of the method was evaluated by analyzing river water samples collected from the Hudson River and the East River in New York City.”
“This study

evaluated the positive motivational implicit response to Internet gaming cues (i.e., screenshots of popular online games) to identify BI 6727 mouse potential mechanisms of dyscontrolled Internet use in young adults with Internet gaming addiction (IGA). The final analysis included 64 young adults with IGA and 71 control subjects. The subjects completed the implicit association task to test their reaction to congruent pairing (Internet gaming screenshot paired with liked words) and incongruent pairing (Internet gaming screenshot paired with disliked words). The results demonstrated that, compared to the control group, the IGA group reacted faster to congruent pairing. It suggests that the IGA group had a positive motivational implicit response to screenshots of online games. Implicit cognition is an important mechanism of dyscontrolled substance use. such as alcohol dependence.

Frequently, biomarkers found to be efficacious in adults are extrapolated to the pediatric clinical setting without considering that the pathogenesis of many diseases is distinctly different in children, and ontogeny directly influences disease evolution and therapeutic response in children. selleck kinase inhibitor New and innovative approaches are necessary to provide reliable, validated biomarkers that can be used to improve and advance pediatric medical care.”
“Epidemiological studies have shown that, in patients with psoriasis, associated disorders may occur more frequently than expected. Such comorbidities include, among others, psoriatic arthritis,

inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, several cancer types, and depression. Comorbidities often become clinically manifest years after onset of psoriasis and tend to be more frequently seen in severe disease.”
“The cathode region (CR) of a low-pressure He-Xe discharge with a flat thermionic emitting GSK2126458 inhibitor cathode in spot mode has

been experimentally investigated by means of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. Due to the strong inhomogeneity of the spot plasma, a multidimensional consideration of the CR is necessary to obtain correct results. This was achieved by an experimental setup, which provides a space-resolved measurement of the absorption signal. Furthermore, the plasma inhomogeneity was considered in the subsequent analysis of the obtained data too. The gas temperature in the surrounding volume was determined. Furthermore, the spatial density profile of the xenon 6s[3/2](2) metastable atoms was measured in the vicinity of the spot.”
“Background: Homozygosity for UGT1A1*28/* 28 has been reported to be associated with atazanavir-associated hyperbilirubinaemia and premature atazanavir discontinuation. We assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of UGT1A1 testing to inform the choice of an initial protease-inhibitor-containing regimen in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals. Methods: We used the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications computer simulation model

to project quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and lifetime costs (2009 USD) Selleckchem GSK2879552 for atazanavir-based ART with or without UGT1A1 testing, using darunavir rather than atazanavir when indicated. We assumed the UGT1A1-associated atazanavir discontinuation rate reported in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (a *28/* 28 frequency of 14.9%), equal efficacy and cost of atazanavir and darunavir and a genetic assay cost of $ 107. These parameters, as well as the effect of hyperbilirubinaemia on quality of life and loss to follow up, were varied in sensitivity analyses. Costs and QALYs were discounted at 3% annually. Results: Initiating atazanavir-based ART at CD4+ T-cell counts smaller than 500 cells/l without UGT1A1 testing had an average discounted life expectancy of 16.02 QALYs and $ 475,800 discounted lifetime cost. Testing for UGT1A1 increased QALYs by 0.

“
“It has been suggested that phosphate binders may reduce the inflammatory state of hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, it is not clear whether it has any effect on oxidative stress. The objective of this find more study was to evaluate the effect of sevelamer hydrochloride (SH) and calcium acetate (CA) on oxidative stress and inflammation markers in HD patients. Hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to therapy with SH (n=17) or CA (n=14) for 1 year. Before the initiation of therapy (baseline) and at 12 months, we measured in vitro reactive

oxygen species (ROS) production by stimulated and unstimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10, C-reactive protein, and albumin. There was a significant reduction of spontaneous ROS production in both groups after 12 months of therapy. There was a significant decrease of Staphylococcus aureus stimulated ROS production in the SH group. There was a significant increase in albumin serum levels only in the SH group. In the SH group, there was also a decrease in the serum levels

of tumor necrosis factor alpha and C-reactive protein. Our results suggest that compared with CA treatment, SH may lead to a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, it is possible that phosphate binders exert pleiotropic effects on oxidative stress and inflammation, which could contribute toward decreasing endothelial injury in SB273005 patients in HD.”
“In Vibrio cholerae, the

etiological agent of cholera, most of the virulence genes are located in two pathogenicity islands, named GS-7977 TCP (Toxin-Co-regulated Pilus) and CTX (Cholera ToXins). For each V. cholerae pathogenicity gene, we retrieved every primer published since 1990 and every known allele in order to perform a complete in silico survey and assess the quality of the PCR primers used for amplification of these genes. Primers with a melting temperature in the range 55-60 degrees C against any target sequence were considered valid. Our survey clearly revealed that two thirds of the published primers are not able to properly detect every genetic variant of the target genes. Moreover, the quality of primers did not improve with time. Their lifetime, i.e. the number of times they were cited in the literature, is also not a factor allowing the selection of valid primers. We were able to improve some primers or design new primers for the few cases where no valid primer was found. In conclusion, many published primers should be avoided or improved for use in molecular detection tests, in order to improve and perfect specificity and coverage. This study suggests that bioinformatic analyses are important to validate the choice of primers.”
“Hoffman SM, Tully JE, Lahue KG, Anathy V, Nolin JD, Guala AS, van der Velden JLJ, Ho Y-S, Aliyeva M, Daphtary N, Lundblad LKA, Irvin CG, Janssen-Heininger YMW.

Results. The results of our literature review indicated that school-based computer education efforts are related to improved knowledge about asthma and its management.

In some studies, improvements in clinical outcomes also occur. Data collection programs need to be built into games that improve knowledge. Many projects do not appear to last for periods greater than 1 year and little information is available about cultural relevance of these programs. Conclusions. Educational games and other programs are effective methods of delivering knowledge about asthma management and control. Research about the long-term effects of this increased knowledge, in regard to behavior change, is needed. Additionally, developing sustainable projects, which

are culturally relevant, is a goal AZD2014 in vivo for future GW3965 solubility dmso research.”
“The understanding of the impact of environmental influence factors on propagation and damping of Lamb waves in composite materials is a topic of great interest for both design and utilization of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. In this work, the influence of humidity absorption on the dispersive behavior of Lamb waves propagating in viscoelastic composite materials is investigated. Using a transversely isotropic material model and DMA measurements, the changes in the viscoelastic material properties due to water absorption are characterized. By means of a higher order plate theory and those mechanical properties, the dispersion curves for unconditioned and hot/wet-conditioned UD reinforced CFRP plates are then predicted. Both the changes in Lamb wave velocity and Lamb wave damping are investigated and compared with experimental values. Additionally, the changes of the sensor response,

which are related to both the JQ1 changes of the material properties and that of the adhesive layer, are investigated. The large impact of moisture absorption on Lamb wave excitation and propagation and its relevance for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications is shown and discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Malaria parasites adapt to the oxidative stress during their erythrocytic stages with the help of vital thioredoxin redox system and glutathione redox system. Glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase are important enzymes of these redox systems that help parasites to maintain an adequate intracellular redox environment. In the present study, activities of glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase were investigated in normal and Plasmodium berghei-infected mice red blood cells and their fractions. Activities of glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase in P. berghei-infected host erythrocytes were found to be higher than those in normal host cells. These enzymes were mainly confined to the cytosolic part of cell-free P. berghei. Full characterization and understanding of these enzymes may promise advances in chemotherapy of malaria.

Subjects and controls underwent clinical and biochemical evaluation and sonograms of the carotid arteries.\n\nResults: Twelve children with PA and their matched controls were studied. Carotid artery ultrasonography showed elevation of the inner and outer diameter of the left carotid, and the cross-sectional area of the lumen and outer wall, and the outer diameter of the right carotid artery in PA. However, none of the above results maintained statistical significance when a Hochberg correction was applied.\n\nConclusions: Carotid artery

diameter and cross-sectional area may be useful non-invasive markers of vascular pathology and MS in premature pubarche.”
“In this paper, we report

C59 Wnt in vivo on surface potentiometry in the channel region of operating amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin film transistors by scanning kelvin probe microscopy. Important parameters including the field-effect mobility A 1155463 and source/drain contact resistance are extracted from the channel potential profile. We find that the channel potential as a function of gate/drain bias can be described by the standard metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) equation incorporated with two nonideal factors: the gate-voltage-dependent field-effect mobility and the source/drain contact resistance. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3503871]“
“The implant periapical lesion is the infectious-inflammatory process of the tissues surrounding the implant apex. It may be caused by different factors: contamination of the implant surface, overheating of bone during drilling, preparation of a longer implant bed than the implant itself, and pre-existing bone disease. Diagnosis is achieved by studying the presence of symptoms and signs such us pain, swelling, suppuration or fistula; in the radiograph an implant periapical radiolucency may appear.\n\nA diagnostic classification is proposed to establish the stage of the lesion,

and determine the best treatment option accordingly. The following stages are distinguished: acute apical periimplantitis (non-suppurated and suppurated) and subcacute (or suppurated-fistulized) apical periimplantitis. find protocol The most adequate treatment of this pathology in the acute stage and in the subacute stage if there is no loss of implant stability is apical surgery. In the subacute stage, if there is implant mobility, the extraction of the implant is necessary.”
“Day-case laparoscopic Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication (LF) has been demonstrated to be safe in small, prospective cohorts. The purpose of the study was to compare postoperative course, functional results, quality of life, and healthcare costs in patients undergoing LF in a day-case surgical unit with same-day discharge and patients undergoing LF as an inpatient.

8% of PCR-negative strains for HP0522-523 and HP0532-HP0534 genes, respectively. An intact cagA promoter region was also detected in all cagA-positive strains. AZD9291 Furthermore, the expression of cagA mRNA was confirmed by RT-PCR for the representative strains from both DU and NUD/AV

subjects indicating the active cagA promoter regions of these strains. A total of 66.7% of Kolkata strains produced a similar to 390-bp shorter amplicon than the standard strain 26695 for the HP0527 gene, homologue of virB10. However, sequence analyses confirmed that the deletion did not alter the reading frame of the gene, and mRNA transcripts were detected by RT-PCR analysis. The strains isolated from DU and NUD/AV express CagA protein and possess a functional type IV secretion system, as revealed IPI-549 research buy by Western blot analyses. Interestingly, no significant differences in cog PAI genetic structure were found between DU and NUD/AV individuals suggesting that other bacterial virulence factors, host susceptibility, and environmental determinants also influence the disease outcome at least in certain geographical locations. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND & AIMS: Helicobacter pylori attaches to gastric mucosa and grows as a biofilm. This constitutes protection from antimicrobial agents. We assessed the role of a pretreatment with n-acetylcysteine in destroying biofilm and overcoming

H pylori antibiotic resistance. METHODS: G418 mw In an open-label, randomized controlled trial, 40 subjects with a history

of at least 4 H pylori eradication failures were evaluated for biofilm presence, antibiotic susceptibility, and H pylori genotypes. Subjects were assigned randomly to receive (group A) or not (group B) n-acetylcysteine before a culture-guided antibiotic regimen. The primary end point was the H pylori eradication rate as assessed by C-13-labeled urea breath testing. RESULTS: H pylori was eradicated in 13 of 20 (both per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses, 65%; 95% confidence interval, 44%-86%) group A participants and 4 of 20 (both per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses, 20%; 95% confidence interval, 3%-37%) group B participants (P < .01). Biofilms persisted only in unsuccessfully treated participants. H pylori genotypes did not influence treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: N-acetylcysteine pretreatment before a culture-guided antibiotic regimen is effective in overcoming H pylori antibiotic resistance.”
“Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is expressed by most medulloblastomas (MEDs). We isolated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the 12-mer (33)QTEPYYDLTSNA(44), which resides in the extracellular domain of the SSTR2 amino terminus, screened the peptide-bound MAbs by fluorescence microassay on D341 and D283 MED cells, and demonstrated homogeneous cell-surface binding, indicating that all cells expressed cell surface-detectable epitopes.

“
“We investigated perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and exchange magnetic anisotropy in a Pt/Co/alpha-Cr2O3(0001) thin film

grown on an alpha-Al2O3(0001) substrate. The film exhibits perpendicular magnetic anisotropy below a Co thickness of 1.2 nm at room temperature. Independent of the magnetic easy direction of the Co layer, the perpendicular exchange bias (PEB) appears in a direction perpendicular to the film below 80 K. The maximum unidirectional magnetic anisotropy energy estimated from the exchange bias field is 0.33 erg/cm(2), which is higher than the reported PEB strength. The perpendicular exchange bias is accompanied by the in-plane remanent magnetization and an increase in the in-plane coercivity. We speculate that the increases in the in-plane remanent magnetization and the in-plane coercivity are caused by the spin canting selleck products of Cr3+ in the alpha-Cr2O3(0001) Z-DEVD-FMK layer. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3535555]“
“A serological survey to investigate risk factors for Foot and Mouth

Disease (FMD) occurrence was conducted between October 2007 and March 2008 in Southern Ethiopia. Antibodies against non-structural protein of FMD virus (using 3abc ELISA) were measured as indicator of exposure to the virus. The seroprevalence of FMD was 9.5% (95%CI = 7.7 – 11.3, n = 1020) and 48.1% (95% CI = 36.8 – 59.4%, n = 79), respectively at animal and herd levels. Within herd seropositivity was ranged from 6.7 to 46.7% with 18.6% (95%CI = 14.6 – 22.5%) risk of being seropositive for an animal in positive herds. The most important herd level risk factors identified were pastoral system (OR = 16.3, Smoothened Agonist supplier 95% CI = 2.0 -133.7)

compared to sedentary, low altitude (OR = 7.5, 95% CI 1.4 -40.7) compared to high altitude, keeping cattle with small ruminants (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 1.0 -25.2) when compared to one species or alone. Seroprevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in South Omo than Sidama and Gamo Gofa areas. The odds of seropositivity were 2.8 and 2.3 times higher in the adult (> 4 years) and maturing animals (3-4 years) compared to young age category (< 3 years). Both multivariable logistic and negative binomial regressions depicted that production system was the major risk factor for FMD seropositivity. Consequently, higher prevalence of FMD in pastoral system where animals are an integral part of life has substantial livelihood and economic implications, which signifies the need for devising control measures.”
“Effects of various fertilizers such as farmyard manure (FM), urea, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR, including the genera Azotobacter and Azospirillium) were checked on yield, fatty acids, protein, and oil contents of sunflower. A two-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid region in Iran in 2007 and 2008.

This study investigated whether MTHFR C677T, A1298C

and G1793A polymorphisms modified clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) risk independently as well as in combination with serum total homocysteine (Hcy) and folate levels.\n\nMaterials and methods: A case control study of 152 cases (men) and 304 age-matched healthy controls was conducted in one geographical area of Iran. Genotyping of MTHFR gene polymorphisms was carried out using a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Serum levels of total Hcy, folate and vitamin B12 were also determined.\n\nResults: The MTHFR 677T and 1298C allele frequencies were 42.8 and 47.4% in cases, compared with 33.7 and 33.1% in controls. After controlling for confounding factors, a significant increase in CCRCC risk was found among carriers of the 677CT genotype Sotrastaurin selleck chemicals compared with those with the 677CC genotype (odds ratio 2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.31-3.76), with a significant trend (P=0.014). Statistically significant

odds ratios were also found in patients homozygous for MTHFR C677T, who have a 1.58-fold higher risk of developing CCRCC (95% confidence interval = 1.21-2.44; P=0.024). Compared with the MTHFR 677CC genotype, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the MTHFR 677TT genotype was 6.18 (95% confidence interval = 4.75-8.34) for stage IV cancer and 4.68 (95% confidence interval = 2.72-6.54) for grade 3 CCRCC (both P=0.0001). After adjustment for selected variants, the MTHFR 1298AC learn more genotype showed a significantly increased risk of CCRCC compared with the wild-type (odds ratio = 3.71, 95% confidence interval = 2.22-5.33; P=0.001), and the 1298C allele carrier showed a positive association with the risk of CCRCC compared with the wild-type (odds

ratio = 3.9, 95% confidence interval = 2.55-6.02; P=0.001). Furthermore, subjects carrying at least one copy of the variant allele showed a 4.4 times increased risk of developing CCRCC than their control counterparts (odds ratio = 4.40, 95% confidence interval = 2.41-6.72; P=0.0001). There was not a significant interaction between MTHFR polymorphisms and serum levels of total Hcy and folate in increasing the risk of CCRCC.\n\nConclusions: Our results provide evidence that the MTHFR polymorphisms might contribute to increased CCRCC risk in men. (C) 2011 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“SETTING: Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.\n\nOBJECTIVE: To identify programmatic interventions for improved survival in patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis (TB) at primary care clinics.\n\nDESIGN: Retrospective cohort of adult patients initiating anti-tuberculosis treatment between January 2006 and May 2007.