Given the constant development in recent years, MD data might become an important part of new drug submissions and clinical treatment algorithms, and might positively influence patient benefit in the future. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility,

AS1842856 efficacy and safety of the use of a conical self-expandable stent for the treatment of post-pneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula (PPBPF). Between April 2008 and November 2010, six patients underwent treatment for the PPBPF by the introduction of a tracheobronchial conical fully covered self-expandable nitinol stent with the aim of excluding the bronchial dehiscence from the airflow. We secured the prosthesis to the tracheal mucosa with titanium helical fasteners tacks. Five patients presented with a bronchial fistula larger than 5 mm following right (4) or left (1) pneumonectomy. One patient had an anastomotic dehiscence after right tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy. A chest tube showed the absence of empyema in all cases. Immediate resolution of the bronchial air leak was obtained in all the patients. Permanent closure of the bronchial dehiscence without

recurrence was achieved in all the patients at a mean follow-up time of 13 months (range 3-32). The bronchial stent was successfully removed in all patients without sequelae 71-123 days after its implantation. The use of the conical self-expandable Silmet (R) stent has proved to be an effective, safe and fast method to treat even large PPBPFs.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether women who deliver small babies due to preterm MK-2206 birth or growth restriction have excess risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes later in life.

METHODS: Eight years after pregnancy, we estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in a cohort study of women with prior

preterm (preterm birth before 37 weeks, n = 181) or small for gestational age ([SGA], less than the tenth percentile, n = 192) births, compared with women with term births (37 or more weeks, n = 306). Women delivered at Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and those with preeclampsia or prepregnancy selleck chemical diabetes or hypertension were excluded. Women underwent a structured interview and fasting blood sampling.

RESULTS: Women were, on average, 8 years postpartum and 39 years old at evaluation. Women with a prior preterm birth had higher blood pressure, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol compared with those in a term control group. Women with prior SGA births were leaner and more likely to smoke compared with those with term births. Women with prior preterm birth had elevated risk of metabolic syndrome, adjusted for demographic, smoking and body size factors (23% preterm compared with 17% control group; odds ratio [OR] 1.76 [1.06, 2.80]). In women with a prior preterm birth, low HDL (11% preterm compared with 5% control group; OR 2.6 [1.2, 5.

6-32.2) compared with the low-symptom group

(mean 3.5-22.3) (p < 0.01). Regression of the SCNS-SF34 domain scores against the MSAS scores revealed an increase in the explained variance of from 14% to 54%.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that breast cancer survivors continue to experience a multitude of symptoms, and the burden of symptoms may be associated with unmet needs across a range of domains. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Binary and ternary composites composed of polyoxymethylene selleck screening library (POM), polyurethane (PU), and carbon nanofiber (CNF) were produced by water-mediated melt compounding. PU latex and/or aqueous CNF dispersion were introduced into the molten POM in laboratory kneader to prepare toughened and/or nanoreinforced

POM composites. The crystallization of the POM-based systems was studied by polarized optical microscopy. The dispersion of the CNF was inspected in scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the composites were determined by dynamic-mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, short-time creep-, stress relaxation-, and uniaxial static tensile tests. The dielectric response of the nanocomposites was investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy at ambient temperature. CNF worked as reinforcement (i.e., increased the stiffness, resistance to creep, tensile strength, and reduced the elongation at break), and also improved the thermo-oxidative stability of POM. PU alone had an adverse effect to the PF-562271 in vivo above listed properties, which could be enhanced again by additional incorporation of CNF. Dielectric spectroscopy proved to be a useful tool to get deeper understanding on morphological changes

caused by the additives. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 1804-1812, 2010″
“Antagonistic DMXAA mouse coevolution between hosts and parasites can involve rapid fluctuations of genotype frequencies that are known as Red Queen dynamics. Under such dynamics, recombination in the hosts may be advantageous because genetic shuffling can quickly produce disproportionately fit offspring (the Red Queen hypothesis). Previous models investigating these dynamics have assumed rather simple models of genetic interactions between hosts and parasites. Here, we assess the robustness of earlier theoretical predictions about the Red Queen with respect to the underlying host-parasite interactions. To this end, we created large numbers of random interaction matrices, analysed the resulting dynamics through simulation, and ascertained whether recombination was favoured or disfavoured. We observed Red Queen dynamics in many of our simulations provided the interaction matrices exhibited sufficient ‘antagonicity’. In agreement with previous studies, strong selection on either hosts or parasites favours selection for increased recombination.

The mean age was 6.5 Birinapant datasheet years. The seizures’ duration ranged from 6 months to 2 years. The histopathological examination of the resected lesions revealed

in 12 cases the presence of a ganglioglioma, in 7 cases dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, in I case a low grade glioma, in 2 cases cortical dysplasia, and in 2 cases cavernous malformations. In 18 cases, the lesions were located in the temporal lobe and in 6 cases the lesions were extratemporal. After a mean follow-up period of 4.4 years, 79% (19/24) of patients were seizure free. There were no permanent neurological deficits or deaths. surgery for focal epilepsy in children is a safe procedure with favorable results.”
“Introduction and objectives. Echographic studies of the composition of atheromatous plaque make use of the median gray level, which provides an overall measure of echogenicity. We propose adding an additional dimension to this approach by dividing the lesion into layers and generating a curve that shows the variation in echolucency with depth.

Methods. Femoral and carotid plaque in asymptomatic patients was investigated using both the median

gray level and new layer methods. Interobserver variability was assessed for both methods. Three risk factors were studied: age, gender and smoking status. Differences in echogenicity-depth curves between different groups were assessed using two-way ANOVA.

Results. The two methods gave similar results for the mean echogenicity of carotid and femoral plaque. Echogenicity click here increased as a function of depth

(r=0.96; P<.001). With the median gray level method, none of the risk factors produced a change in echogenicity. However, with the layer method, the echogenicity of femoral plaque was found to increase with age (P<.001), though gender had ne effect. Moreover, the echogenicity of superficial layers was less in smokers than nonsmokers (P<.01). In carotid plaque, echogenicity increased with age (P<.01) and was higher in men (P<.01). The echogenicity of deep plaque was greater in smokers than nonsmokers (P<.05). The reproducibility Y-27632 order of the two methods was similar.

Conclusions. The layer method was more effective than the median gray level method for identifying the effect of age, sex and smoking status on the echogenicity of atheromatous plaque.”
“Purpose Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and unmet needs (needs) questionnaires offer alternative perspectives for assessing cancer patients’ concerns. We examined whether the conceptual differences underlying these alternative approaches yield corresponding empirical differences.

Methods Eight-hundred and seventy-four women with ovarian cancer completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale (FACT-G; HRQoL) and the Supportive Care Needs Survey (SCNS-SF34; needs) every 3 months for 2 years.

0005, which corresponds to about one resource item per 40 degrees C. Relative sizes of the activation energies

of attack rate and handling time determine whether warming increases or decreases connectance. Differences in temperature sensitivity are explained by differences between empirical food webs in the body size distributions of organisms. We conclude that models of temperature Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor effects on community structure and dynamics urgently require considerable development, and also more and better empirical data to parameterize and test them.”
“Composites based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), acrylamide monomer (AM) and sodium montmorillonite clay (MMT) were prepared, in the form of thin films, by solution

HDAC inhibitor casting. The PVA/AM/MMT composites films were then exposed to electron beam irradiation to form crosslinked network structure. The structure-property behavior of PVA/AM/MMT hybrids was demonstrated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, gel content, color intensity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and swelling behavior in aqueous solutions. The results indicated that the introduction of MMT clay ratio up to 5% decreased the gel content of PVA/AM hydrogels. The color measurements indicated that the introduction of MMT clay ratio up to 5% was shown to affect the color intensity of composite films. It was found that both PVA/AM hydrogels and PVA/AM/MMT composites reached

the equilibrium swelling state in water after four hours; however PVA/AM/MMT composites displayed higher swelling than PVA/AM hydrogels. However, the swelling of PVA/AM hydrogels or their composites at the equilibrium state increased with increasing temperature up to 60 degrees C. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2634-2643, 2011″
“This work examines the interplay between the thermal observables and the entanglement of molecular magnets conformed by antiferromagnetic rings of Cr7Ni. We show how in the quantification of the spin-entanglement, quantities such as the specific heat C-Mag and magnetocaloric observables (MCO) provide further insight into the description of the entanglement between molecular rings. Such check details quantities reproduce the entanglement-map behavior as a function of the external magnetic field and temperature. Studying ring entanglement in 2(Cr7Ni) L-like molecules (L being a molecular link) is essential in order to understand how to enhance MCO in such heterometallic systems. The magnetic field value at which the system passes from finite entanglement behavior to a factorizable thermal density matrix state is shifted by smooth modifications of the effective exchange couplings, and it is reflected onto CMag and MCO by shiftable, sharp decrements of such quantities. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.

The t(1/2 beta) GSK-3 inhibitor was 40.38-41.16 min. GNA showed an extensive distribution into multiple tissues, and the bile excretion is the major pathway of excretion, accounting for 52.12 %. About 40 % of GNA might undergo metabolism in vivo and the main phase I metabolites of GNA may be 10-hydroxygambogenic acid and 9,10-epoxygambogenic acid.”
“Aims

Sacral neurophysiologic studies have demonstrated their utility in men with suspected neurogenic sacral dysfunction. However, no similar studies have been performed in women. The present study aimed to test the utility of sacral neurophysiologic assessment in women with

chronic cauda equina lesions.

Methods

Twenty-four women with clinical and radiological signs supportive of chronic cauda equina lesions, and a group of 60 control women without clinical symptoms or signs of sacral neuropathic lesion were included. Clinical examination, including testing of saddle sensation, and neurophysiologic testing, including quantitative anal sphincter EMG and clitoro-cavernosus reflex testing this website (on single and double electrical, and mechanical stimulation), were performed on each side separately. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated.

Results

Respective sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were 63%, 92%, 83%, and 86% for quantitative anal sphincter EMG, 92-96%,

67-80%, 52-59%, and 95-96% for neurophysiologic testing of the clitoro-cavernosus

reflex (using different stimulation techniques), and 96-100%, 62-75%, 50-55%, and 97-98% for their combinations.

Conclusions

This study complements previous reports in men supporting the clinical utility of an neurophysiologic protocol that includes both quantitative anal sphincter EMG and sacral reflex studies for assessment of patients with suspected peripheral sacral lesions. Very high sensitivity and negative predictive value confirm high utility of sacral neurophysiologic studies in confirmation and exclusion of sacral neuropathic lesion. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:426-430, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible SIS3 research buy antinociceptive effect of Terminalia bellirica fruit aqueous extract in animal models of diabetic neuropathic pain. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg i.p.). T. bellirica (70 mg/kg), fluoxetine (14.5 mg/kg), imipramine (103 mg/kg) and quercetin (10 mg/kg) were administered orally for 21 consecutive days, starting after 4th week in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Hot plate test, tail immersion test and formalin test were used to assess the antinociceptive activity. For assessment of the role of opioid receptors in antinociception of T. bellirica, naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) as opioid receptor antagonist was injected prior to its administration.

Results: The patient cohort was 65.8% male with a mean age of 52.7 years. Mean FT was 183

s, and mean surgical time was 68.4 +/- 29 minutes. Mean stone size was 10 +/- 5mm in the greatest dimension. A large proportion of patients (50%) had renal stones, multiple stones were present in 31.6% of cases, and 22.3% of stones were radiolucent. Cases were equally distributed between surgeons A and B, and 46% of patients had preoperative stents. On multivariate analysis, increased FT was independently associated with surgeon A (104 additional seconds per case, P < 0.001), longer duration of surgery (14 s per 10 minutes, P < 0.001), and male patients (54 s per procedure, P = 0.02). Age, stone characteristics, presence of ureteral stent, and stone-free status did not correlate with FT.

Conclusions: Surgeon behavior, longer PF-573228 in vivo duration of surgery, and male gender were significant predictors of FT and, hence, radiation exposure during ureteroscopy. In the present study, stone characteristics were not found to be predictors of FT.”
“Semimembranosus tendon avulsion fractures are an uncommon occurrence and are often associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial meniscus tears. We present the imaging features of

an unusual case AICAR of semimembranosus avulsion fracture of the posteromedial tibial plateau associated with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tear, medial meniscus tear, and capsular rupture in a 26-year-old man with a football injury.”
“Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether plate fixation with screws in an oblique fashion would change

the strength of the fixation to bending forces and https://www.sellecn.cn/products/netarsudil-ar-13324.html whether any relationship existed between deformity and increased strength of fixation.

Methods: Rear leg tibias from 2-year to 3-year-old sheep were affixed with the help of a custom-made guide to a six-hole dynamic compression plate and divided into three groups. In group 1, fixation was performed using screws perpendicular to the plate axis in two planes. In group 2, screws were placed at a 20-degree angle to the axis of the shaft and perpendicular to the transverse plane. In group 3, the screws were placed at a 20-degree angle to the shaft axis and 7 degrees on the transverse plane. Gap-close bending and side-bending tests were performed in a three-point bending fashion. The maximum moment of force and deformation at the time of the failure was analyzed.

Results: In gap-close bending tests, mean maximum moment of forces for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 51.90 Nm, 67.47 Nm, 82.05 Nm, respectively (p < 0.05 for group 1 vs. groups 2 and 3; p = 0.053 for group 2 vs. group 3). In side-bending tests, the mean maximum moment of force was 34.63 Nm, 49.91 Nm, and 49.29 Nm, respectively (p < 0.05 for group 1 vs. groups 2 and 3; no significant difference was observed between groups 2 and 3).

Physical dosimetry records on these patients indicated

that the absorbed dose ranged from 0.696 to 39.088 mSv. Gene expression analysis revealed statistically significant transcriptional changes in a total of 78 genes (21 up-regulated and 57 clown-regulated) involved in several biological processes such as ubiquitin cycle (UHRF2 and PIAS1), DNA repair (LIG3, XPA, ERCC5, RAD52, DCLRE1C), cell cycle regulation/proliferation (RHOA, CABLES2, TGFB2, IL16), and stress response (GSTP1, PPP2R5A, DUSP22). Some of the genes that showed altered expression profiles in this study call be used as biomarkers for monitoring the chronic low level exposure in humans. Additionally, alterations in gene expression patterns observed in chronically exposed radiation workers reinforces Pictilisib PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor the need for defining the effective radiation dose that causes immediate genetic damage as well as the long-term effects on genomic

instability, including cancer.”
“Background: Little is known about the clinical characteristics of patients with situational syncope www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-6258.html such as defecation syncope (DS) or micturition syncope (MS) compared with those with common vasovagal syncope (VVS).

Methods: Among 680 consecutive patients, who underwent a head-up tilt test between January 2006 and November 2010, 282 patients (40.4 +/- 16.7 years; 48.6% men) diagnosed as DS (n = 38), MS (n = 38), or common VVS (n = 208) were included.

Results: Ages at diagnosis (38.7 +/- 17.3 vs 48.3 +/- 14.1 vs 42.0 +/- 13.8, P = 0.004) and the first syncope (33.7 +/- 18.4 vs 44.5 +/- 15.3 vs 37.5 +/- 14.6, P = 0.002) were significantly less in patients with common VVS than those with DS or MS, respectively. The patients with MS were more likely to be men (73.7%, P = 0.036), whereas patients with DS were more commonly women (73.7%). No sexual preference was observed in patients with common VVS. Bodymass index was significantly lower (P =

0.047) and syncopal episodes were more recurrent (P = 0.049) in patients with common VVS than those with DS or MS. The frequency GNS-1480 inhibitor of drinking alcohol before syncope was significantly higher in patients with MS (39.5%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions: DS tended to occur in older women, whereas MS tended to occur in middle-aged men and drinking alcohol was an important precipitating factor for MS. However, common VVS was observed more in a thin and young population, which was more recurrent compared with those situational syncopes. (PACE 2012; 35: 341-347)”
“We report on the strong red emission properties of lead-free perovskite ferroelectric Pr3+-doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT: Pr3+) thin films without the need of charge compensation. The thin films were prepared by a chemical solution deposition method combined with a rapid thermal annealing process at 700 degrees C.

6 and 9.8,

respectively.

Ordinal logistic regression identified DIF in 17 of 84 items. The potential impact of this on the present scales was low, but items displaying DIF could be avoided when developing abbreviated scales, where the potential impact of DIF (due to fewer items) will be larger.”
“In 2008, the United Network for Organ Sharing issued a request for information regarding a proposed revision to kidney allocation policy. This plan described combining dialysis time, donor characteristics and the estimated life years from transplant (LYFT) each candidate would gain in an allocation score that would rank waiting candidates. Though p38 MAPK activity there were some advantages of this plan, the inclusion of LYFT raised many questions. Foremost, there was no clear agreement that LYFT should be the main criterion by which patients should be ranked. Moreover, to rank

waiting candidates with this metric, long-term survival models were required in which there was no incorporation of patient preference or discounting for long survival times and for which the predictive accuracy did not achieve accepted standards. The American Society of Transplant Surgeons was pleased to participate in the evaluation of the proposal. Ultimately, the membership did not favor this proposal, because we felt that it was too complicated and that the projected slight increase in overall utility was not justified by the compromise in individual justice that was required. We offer alternative policy options to address some of the unmet needs and issues that were brought to light during this interesting process.”
“Chemokines Emricasan inhibitor are small molecules of 8-10 kDa that induce chemotaxis and activation of certain subsets of leukocytes. It has been recently shown that chemokines have

broader function such as inhibition of apoptosis of target cells. The expression patterns selleck ALK 抑制剂 of chemokines and chemokine receptors are specific to certain organs and cells. Therefore, chemokines are important to elucidate the mechanism of organ-specific human diseases. Primary cutaneous lymphomas are characterized by proliferation of clonally expanded lymphocytes in skin, but without detectable systemic involvement at the first diagnosis. Many chemokines are reported to be expressed in lesional skin of cutaneous lymphoma. Moreover, tumor cells of a certain group of cutaneous lymphoma express limited numbers of chemokine receptors, suggesting that interactions between chemokines and their receptors may explain skin-tropism of these types of lymphoma. This article focuses on chemokines expressed in lesional skin of cutaneous lymphoma and discusses their possible roles in disease progression. (C) 2010 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aim: To evaluate potential mediators of an extended cognitive behavioral smoking cessation intervention.

No differences in baseline cortisol or ACTH concentration or in the ACTH-to-cortisol ratio were detected between groups or when ill foals were compared with healthy foals. A small number of ill foals had low baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations or low responses to cosyntropin administration, compared with healthy foals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results indicated that most ill foals in the FK506 present study population had adequate responses

to cosyntropin administration. However, a small subset of ill foals appeared to have dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009,234:126-132)”
“All viral infections subvert the host immune response. Targeting the host mechanisms that are modulated by viral infection offers new avenues for antiviral drug development. Host ubiquitin

and multiple ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubls) are commonly altered by, or important for, viral infection. Protein modification by ubiquitin or Ubls contributes to numerous cellular processes, such as protein degradation, signal transduction, protein relocalization and pathogen-host interactions. This post-translational modification plays an essential role for viral life cycles and host antiviral mechanisms. Some Ubls, such as ISG15 Alvespimycin purchase and SUMO, have been shown to modulate virus infections and are potential targets for therapeutic manipulation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that predominantly infects hepatocytes. Recent data suggest that ISG15 might be a potential drug target for anti-HCV therapy. Inhibition of ISG15 expression and/or ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation) provides a rationale for the design click here of new anti-HCV drugs.”
“Cabergoline

(CAB) is a synthetic ergoline dopamine agonist with high affinity to D(2) receptors, thus used for the treatment of Parkinson’s patients and hyperprolactinemia disorders. In this study, simple, fast, reliable and validated UV-VIS and 2(nd) order derivative spectrophotometric methods for determination of CAB in pharmaceutical preparations were developed without any previous sample preparation step. Determination of CAB was performed at 280 nm wavelength by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and in the range of 227-232 nm by 2(nd) order derivative spectrophotometry. Developed both spectrophotometric methods were linear over the range of CAB concentrations from 1 to 125 mu g mL(-1). The highest relative error and relative standard deviation in within-day and day-to-day study for UV-VIS spectrophotometry were found to be 1.10 % and 0.63 %, respectively. The relative error and relative standard deviation in within-day and day-to-day study for 2(nd) order derivative spectrophotometry were not higher than 1.10 % and 0.70 %, respectively.”
“Itraconazole is an antifungal drug from the triazole group with distinct in vitro activity against dermatophytes, yeasts and some molds. Itraconazole has a primarily fungistatic activity.

3% DHA (control group) until reaching full-term equivalent age. The longer-term effects of the intervention on language, behavior, and temperament were measured by using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI) at 26-mo corrected age, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and the Short Temperament Scale for Children (STSC) between 3-and 5-y corrected age.

Results: Mean (+/- SD) MCDI scores did not differ significantly (adjusted P = 0.8) between the higher-DHA group (308 +/- 179, n = 60) and the control group (316 +/- 192, n = 67) per the Vocabulary Production subscale. Composite scores on the SDQ and STSC did

not differ between the higher-DHA group and the control group [SDQ Total Difficulties: higher-DHA group (10.3 +/- 6.0, n = 61), control group (9.5 +/- 5.5, n = 64), adjusted P = 0.5; STSC score: higher-DHA group (3.1 +/- 0.7, n = 61), control group (3.0 +/- 0.7, www.selleckchem.com/products/4sc-202.html n = 64), adjusted P = 0.3].

Conclusions: Feeding preterm infants milk containing 3 times the standard amount

of DHA did not result in any clinically meaningful change to language development or behavior when assessed in early childhood. Whether longer-term effects of dietary DHA supplementation can be detected remains to be assessed. This trial was registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry at www.anzctr.org.auas 12606000327583. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:628-34.”
“A selleck chemical nonionic epoxy-based polyol (NTP) which can be used in place of the commonly used polyol dispersions to prepare Selleck Screening Library two-component waterborne polyurethanes was synthesized with terpinene-maleic ester-type epoxy resin (TME), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and trimethylopropane (TMP) in the presence of sulfuric acid as catalyst. The synthesis process was tracked with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by investigating

the changes of molecular weight and glass transition temperature (T(g)) of the product. FTIR was used to characterize the chemical structure of NTP. Major technical parameters of NTP were as follows: hydroxyl value 100 mg/g, hydroxyl group content 3.04%, T(g) 4.03 degrees C, and viscosity 150 mPa s (40% solid content). Effect of molecular weights and dosages of PEG on stability of NTP dispersion was examined by particle size analyses. It was found that stable dispersion was obtained when using PEG6000 as hydrophilic chain and its dosage >= 8% by the weight of TME. The average particle size of the prepared dispersion was about 200 nm from particles size and TEM analyses. The NTP dispersion showed characteristic of shear thinning, which indicated it was a pseudoplastic fluid. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 579-585, 2011″
“P>Gene silencing through transcriptional repression can be induced by targeting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to a gene promoter.