This method, however, has not yet been fully Tariquidar mouse investigated for psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine.
Methods: In the present study, rats were trained to discriminate between cocaine and a vehicle using CTA and substitution tests with various psychostimulants were conducted to evaluate the usefulness of the method for assessing the discriminative stimulus properties of this pharmacological class. Male rats received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg) 10 min prior to access saccharin for 20-min, and immediately after the saccharin access they received an i.p. dose of LiCl (1.8 mEq; n = 8, Group CL) or
the vehicle (n = 8, Group CW) on the day of conditioning; selleck screening library on the other days (2 or 3 days between the cocaine conditioning days), they were injected with saline prior to access to saccharin without the LiCl or vehicle injection after the access.
Results: By the fifteenth cocaine conditioning trial, all animals acquired discrimination. In the substitution test, cocaine dose dependently decreased saccharin consumption. The psychostimulants, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, bupropion and sibutramine, substituted for cocaine, whereas the opioid mu agonist morphine and the cannabinoid agonist, Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol,
did not substitute for cocaine. Mazindol did not substitute for cocaine although it has CNS stimulant activities.
Conclusion: These results suggest that discriminative stimulus properties of psychostimulants can be evaluated using the CTA paradigm. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Humans are exposed to preformed N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) and endogenous NOCs. Several NOCs are potential human carcinogens, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), but evidence from population studies is inconsistent.
Objective: We examined the relation between dietary NOCs (NDMA), the endogenous NOC index, and dietary nitrite and cancer incidence in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk, United
Kingdom, study.
Design: This was a prospective study of 23,363 men and women, aged 40-79 y, who were recruited in 1993-1997 and followed this website up to 2008. The baseline diet was assessed with food-frequency questionnaires.
Results: There were 3268 incident cancers after a mean follow-up of 11.4 y. Dietary NDMA intake was significantly associated with increased cancer risk in men and women [hazard ratio (HR): 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.27; P for trend = 0.03] and in men (HR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.44; P for trend = 0.005) when the highest quartile was compared with the lowest quartile in age-and sex-adjusted analyses but not in multivariate analyses (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.24; HR for men: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.40; P for trend >= 0.05). When continuously analyzed, NDMA was associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers (HR: 1.