This approval was based on experience of this treatment in consecutive young patients with severe, potentially life-threatening hyperammonemia with striking improvement Palbociclib cost of outcomes.5 Hence, Na PBA became the standard of care for maintenance therapy

of UCDs in the absence of rigorous randomized, controlled clinical trials. Nevertheless, despite the improvement represented by NaPBA, it still required daily ingestion of as many as 40 large capsules every day and resulted in bad taste and gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance, even when administered by a gastrostomy tube. Hence, another modification proposed by Brusilow, glycerol phenylbutyrate (GPB), became the focus of therapeutic development. GPB is attractive because it is a liquid triglyceride prodrug of PBA, a nearly tasteless,

odorless oil devoid of sodium. GPB is hydrolyzed by human CT99021 nmr pancreatic triglyceride lipase and other lipases releasing PBA that is absorbed from the intestine and converted to the active moiety, phenylacetic acid (PAA) via β oxidation (Fig. 1).6 PAA is conjugated with glutamine in the liver and the kidney by way of N acyl-coenzyme A/L-glutamine N-acyltransferase to form phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN). Like urea, PAGN incorporates two waste nitrogens and is excreted in the urine. The article by Diaz et al. in this issue of HEPATOLOGY is a remarkable illustration that it is possible to conduct randomized, controlled trials even in ultraorphan diseases.7 However, its success depended critically on academic-industry synergy represented by the Rare Disease Clinical Research Network’s Urea Cycle Consortium,8 a pharmaceutical company (Hyperion Therapeutics, selleck screening library Inc., South San Francisco,

CA), and the patient support organization, the National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation. The study involved 91 patients from fewer than 500 known patients with UCDs in the United States, treated with Na PBA by investigators in the Urea Cycle Consortium. The 4-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, cross-over phase III study was designed to evaluate the noninferiority of GPB to NaPBA in 46 adults with UCDs, some 80% of whom suffered from OTC deficiency. The primary efficacy measure was daily ammonia exposure, measured by 24-hour AUC (area under the curve) at the end of each treatment period. Subjects were administered NaPBA or GPB at equimolar doses of PBA. Twenty-four-hour ammonia AUC for the two treatments were similar, with a slight trend toward lower ammonia in the GPB group. One hyperammonemic crisis occurred on NaPBA, but none on GPB. Interestingly, GI symptoms were similar in both groups, despite better tolerability of GPB. In a pooled analysis of 65 adult and pediatric patients on 12 months of open-label GPB treatment, ammonia control was normal, and in the pediatric patients, there was significant improvement of executive function, including behavioral regulation, goal setting, planning, and self-monitoring.