The secretarial assistance of Eri Saitoh (Neuropathology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels – Akita) is greatly appreciated. Drs Shinji Kondo (Neurosurgery, Tottori University), Akira Hori (Neuropathology, Research Institute for Longevity Medicine, Fukushimura Hospital, Japan; and Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany) and Gary W. Mathern (Neurosurgery, UCLA Medical Center) are long-term collaborators. “
“We describe a 67-year-old woman without apparent neurological SB203580 molecular weight symptoms, in whom postmortem examination revealed widespread occurrence of eosinophilic neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions

in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The inclusions were round, oval or rod-like in shape. Immunohistochemically, the inclusions were negative

for ubiquitin and not labeled with any other antibodies, except for a partial and weak immunoreactivity with anti-neurofilament occurring rarely. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions revealed two different forms. The common form was entirely composed of bundles of wavy granule-coated filaments (20–30 nm in diameter). The other form consisted of a R788 datasheet core containing linear filaments (12–15 nm in diameter) with electron-dense ribosome-like granules and an outer zone with wavy filaments as seen in the former. This inclusion seems to represent a new type of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion. “
“TDP-43 is a major disease protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP). To evaluate the effectiveness of proteinase Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK K (PK) treatment in antigen retrieval for native and phosphorylated TDP-43 protein, we examined the temporal cortex and spinal cord from patients with sporadic ALS and FTLD-TDP and control subjects.

PK treatment following heat retrieval enhanced the immunoreactivity for native TDP-43 in controls as well as for native and phosphorylated TDP-43 in ALS and FTLD-TDP. A significant number of TDP-43-positive neuropil threads were demonstrated in lesions, in which routine immunohistochemistry revealed that the predominant inclusions are cytoplasmic. This retrieval method is the best of immunohistochemical techniques for demonstrating TDP-43 pathology, especially in the neuropil. “
“C. Nicaise, D. Mitrecic and R. Pochet (2011) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology37, 179–188 Brain and spinal cord affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis induce differential growth factors expression in rat mesenchymal and neural stem cells Stem cell research raises hopes for incurable neurodegenerative diseases.